偉大的中國共產黨60年前論民主

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作者/來源：鳳凰銳評

1."中國的缺點，一言以蔽之，就是缺乏民主。 ……政治需要統一，但是只有建立在言論、出版、結社的自由與民主選舉政府的基礎上面，才是有力的政治。"（毛澤東，1944）

2."實行憲政……我們認為最重要的先決條件有三個：一是保障人民的民主自由；二是開放黨禁；三是實行地方自治。人民的自由和權利很多，但目前全國人民最迫切需要的自由，是人身居住的自由，是集會結社的自由，是言論出版的自由。 "（周恩來，1944）

3."統治者于屠殺青年之余，還沒有悔過的表示，但輿論界幾乎一致主張政治應民主，特別對於青年，萬不應以武力對付。…… 對付赤手空拳的學生，實在無動用武力之必要。"（《新華日報》，1945）
  

4.限制自由、鎮壓人民，完全是日德意法西斯的一脈真傳，無論如何貼金繪彩，也沒法讓吃過自由果實的人士，嘗出一點民主的甜味的。---《新華日報》1944年3月5日

5.國民黨反動派的御用文人說,中國不能搞民主,一搞就亂.這是反動派為鞏固統治而說的謊言.按中國人民的素質,實行民主後,中國不但不會亂,最終會富強起來,超出英美等老牌民主國家。-----《新華日報》1945

6.二十年來，尤其是最近幾年，我們天天見的是“只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈。”政府所頒佈的法令，其是否為人民著想，姑置不論。最使人憤慨的是連這樣的法，政府並未遵守。政府天天要人民守法，而政府自己卻天天違法。這樣的作風，和民主二字相距十萬八千里!所以民主云云者是真是假，我們卑之無甚高論，第一步先看政府所發的那些空頭民主支票究竟兌現了百分之幾?如果已經寫在白紙上的黑字尚不能兌現，還有什麼話可說?所以在政治協商會議開會以前，我們先要請把那些諾言來兌現，從這一點起碼應做的小事上，望政府示人民以大信。——《新華日報》1946年2月1日

7.只有建立在言論、出版、集會結社的自由與民主選舉政府的基礎上面，才是有力的政治。（毛澤東答中外記者團）——《解放日報》1944年6月13日

8.曾經有一種看法，以為民主可以等人家給與。以為天下有好心人把民主給人民，於是就有了等待這種“民主”，正如等待二百萬元的頭獎一樣。但是中外古今的歷史都證明了，民主是從人民的爭取和鬥爭中得到的成果，決不是一種可以幸得的禮物。——《新華日報》1945年7月3日

9.只有法西斯才會殘酷地鎮壓人民的民主訴求,只有法西斯才會扼殺人民的自由自由及一切自由。--毛澤東1946

10.民主頌——獻給美國的獨立紀念日：從年幼的時候起，我們就覺得美國是個特別可親的國家。我們相信，這該不單因為她沒有強佔過中國的土地，她也沒對中國發動過侵略性的戰爭；更基本地說，中國人對美國的好感，是發源于從美國國民性中發散出來的民主的風度，博大的心懷……但是，在這一切之前，之上，美國在民主政治上對落後的中國做了一個示範的先驅，教育了中國人學習華盛頓、學習林肯，學習傑弗遜，使我們懂得了建立一個民主自由的中國需要大膽、公正、誠實。——《新華日報》1943年7月4日

11.美國人民是中國人民的好朋友,我黨的奮鬥目標,就是推翻獨裁的國民黨反動派,建立美國式的民主制度,使全國人民能享受民主帶來的幸福.我相信,當中國人民為民主而奮鬥時,美國人民會支持我們。---毛澤東(1944年與到訪延安的美國代表團的講話)

12.統制思想，以求安於一尊；箝制言論，以使莫敢予毒，這是中國過去專制時代的愚民政策，這是歐洲中古黑暗時代的現象，這是法西斯主義的辦法，這是促使文化的倒退，決不適於今日民主的世界，尤不適於必須力求進步的中國……言論出版的自由，是民主政治的基本要件，沒有言論出版的自由便不可能有真正的民主，不民主便不能團結統一，不能爭取勝利，不能建國，也不能在戰後的世界中享受永久和平的幸福……新聞自由，是民主的標幟；沒有新聞自由，便沒有真正的民主。反之，民主自由是新聞自由的基礎，沒有政治的民主而要得到真正的新聞自由，決不可能。——《新華日報》1945年3月31日

13.蔣介石說，中國不能搞民主，中國需要的是一個中央集權的政府，使中國走向穩定，只有穩定了，中國才能走向富強。這是什麼強盜邏輯啊。以穩定為由，拒絕民主，充分暴露了蔣介石這個獨裁者的本質。誰搞獨裁，誰就不得人心，誰就會熱愛民主的人民打倒。---周恩來1946

14.一個民主國家，主權應該在人民手中，這是天經地義的事；如果一個號稱民主的國家，而主權不在人民手中，這決不是正軌，只能算是變態，就不是民主國家……不結束黨治，不實行人民普選，如何能實現民主?把人民的權利交給人民!——《新華日報》1945年9月27日社論

15.張群(國民黨宣傳部長)說,中國人民要愛國,對蔣總裁效忠.是的,人民是要愛國,但愛的是屬於人民的國家,而不是屬於一小攝反動派的國家.反動派沒路走了,就會煽動極端的仇外情緒,來轉移視線,緩和統治危機。---周恩來1946

16.法西斯的新聞“理論家”居然公開無恥地鼓吹“一個党、一個領袖、一個報紙”的主張。它們對於“異己”的進步報紙，採取各色各樣的限制、吞併和消滅的辦法，如檢查稿件、任意刪削，威脅讀者、阻礙推銷，派遣特務打入報館、逐漸攘奪管理權，最後則強迫收買，勒令封閉。——《解放日報》1943年9月1日

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  按照 周恩來同志的 1946年的預言，利比亞-格達費獨裁政權應該是快要壽終正寢了，
也難怪 中國大規模撤僑，格達費先生超過 40年的獨裁政權，現在已是窮途末日了，
最快一個月內應該就會成為歷史了...

U.N. Security Council comes down on Gadhafi
as opposition takes shape

By the CNN Wire StaffFebruary 27, 2011 -- Updated 0219 GMT (1019 HKT)

眼見分裂逐漸檯面化，狂人格達費的反應也更加激化，美國總統歐巴馬在致電德國總理梅克爾時，表達了迄今最強硬的立場，他表示當格達費為鞏固政權，將槍口對向自己人民，就已經失去領導的資格，應立即下台走人。

而聯合國安理會也在27日，以15比0，無異議通過對格達費的制裁案，包括凍結資產和限制出境，安理會同時要求立刻停止販售武器給利比亞。

(CNN) -- The U.N. Security Council voted unanimously Saturday night to punish Moammar Gadhafi\'s government in Libya for violence against unarmed civilians, hours after the nation\'s budding opposition picked a former top official as its interim leader.

The draft resolution includes an arms embargo, asset freeze and travel bans for Gadhafi and several of his family members and associates. It also refers the situation unfolding in Libya to the International Criminal Court.

"This resolution will be a signal (to) put an end to the fascist regime that is still in existence," said Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham, Libyan ambassador to the United Nations, who urged action Friday in an emotional appeal. He\'d earlier renounced support for Gadhafi, calling him Saturday "a leader who loves nobody but himself."

Military and security forces loyal to Gadhafi have killed more than 1,000 people, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon has estimated.

Meanwhile, Libya\'s deputy amassador to the world body, Ibrahim Dabbashi, indicated Saturday that he and fellow diplomats "support ... in principle" a caretaker administration to lead Libya under the direction of former Justice Minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil.

City councils in areas no longer loyal to Gadhafi chose Jalil to head an interim government that would represent all of Libya and ultimately be based in Tripoli, according to Amal Bogagies, a member of the coalition of the February 17 Uprising, and a separate Libyan opposition source. Both are based in Benghazi.

Jalil was in Gadhafi\'s government through February 21, when he quit to protest the "bloody situation" and "use of excessive force" against unarmed protesters, according to Libyan newspaper Quryna. Days later, he told a Swedish newspaper he had evidence that Gadhafi ordered the 1988 bombing of a jet over Lockerbie, Scotland, that killed 270 people.

Protests began February 15 in the eastern city of Benghazi, Libya\'s second largest. It and many others are now thought to be under opposition control, according to eyewitnesses. There have been numerous reports of widespread violence, some of it perpetrated by foreign mercenaries and military and security forces loyal to Gadhafi.

Libya\'s foreign minister said earlier Saturday that talks are underway between Gadhafi\'s government and figures in the eastern part of the North African nation.

Benghazi-based opposition spokesman Jalal Igallal, however, strongly knocked down reports of any discussions between anti-government figures and officials supportive of Gadhafi. He urged Foreign Minister Musa Kasa to say who is being talked to, if such negotiations are in fact ongoing.

Kasa, the foreign minister, told CNN\'s Nic Robertson that the country was close to a civil war situation. Earlier in the day, by contrast, Saif al-Islam Gadhafi -- one of Moammar\'s sons and a prominent member of his government -- blamed outsiders and wayward youth for the bloodshed, while telling reporters that "life is normal" in Tripoli and that the unrest had ceased.

"The Libyan people, they woke up and now they realize the danger around them," Saif Gadhafi told Channel 4 immediately after a media presentation Saturday. "We are more united, we are more optimistic, and we are much stronger."

While CNN does have staff in some cities, the network could not independently confirm reports for many areas in Libya. But CNN has compiled information through telephone interviews with witnesses.

Tripoli itself was noticeably tense but largely quiet overnight Saturday, its streets largely barren except for police, armed men in civilian clothing and young people with sticks at some intersections. One man, who is not named for safety reasons, described an "eerie feeling" around the capital, even as fear of violence drove many people to hunker down in their homes.

"You can feel the tension and the anticipation that something big is going to happen," he said. "Everyone is waiting for it."

The situation at the main airport, about 20 miles south of Tripoli, was far more chaotic. Several thousand people camped outside in makeshift tents, waiting for the chance to leave the war-torn country.

More than 200 Arab organizations and a group of 30 prominent intellectuals from across the Middle East and North Africa urged global bodies, including the Security Council, the European Union and the African Union, to take action to limit further death and destruction.

"We fear we may be witnessing the calm before the storm," said their statement. "The window of opportunity to prevent further atrocities from occurring is closing fast. The people of Libya need you to act quickly and decisively."

The group urged the international community to devise contingency plans for intervention and impose immediate sanctions on the Libyan regime.

"We appeal to you as leaders who have the power to bring an end to this horror," the statement said. "Your failure to do so would be a lasting stain on the responsibilities of world leadership and on humanity itself."

U.S. President Barack Obama also weighed in Saturday, telling German Chancellor Angela Merkel to "coordinate our urgent efforts to respond to developments and ensure appropriate accountability," according to a White House statement. In some of his strongest wording to date, Obama said, "when a leader\'s only means of staying in power is to use mass violence against his own people, he has lost the legitimacy to rule and needs to do what is right for his country by leaving now."

Later, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a statement urging Gadhafi to step down.

"Moammar Gadhafi has lost the confidence of his people and he should go without further bloodshed and violence," Clinton said. "The Libyan people deserve a government that is responsive to their aspirations and that protects their universally recognized human rights."

Tripoli\'s Green Square, occupied by pro-Gadhafi demonstrators on previous evenings, was empty Saturday night, a witness told CNN. She said her neighborhood near the square was eerily quiet.

Another man said men carrying automatic weapons had set up checkpoints at "every major intersection or traffic light," while hospitals are heavily guarded by armed security personnel.

Other frightened residents said they stayed indoors, though unable to shut off the sound of gunfire or put aside the words of Gadhafi in a public address the day before in which he vowed to keep unleashing force.

"We can destroy any assault with the people\'s will, with the armed people," he said on state television Friday. "And when it is necessary, the weapons depots will be open to all the Libyan people to be armed."

Libya\'s prime minister, meanwhile, announced on state television that every family would receive 500 Libyan dinars ($406) from the government.

The humanitarian group Doctors Without Borders said in a statement Saturday one of its teams was in Benghazi. Their arrival, and a promise of future aid, marked one of the first humanitarian inroads into Libya in recent weeks.

Three main hospitals were all "well equipped and have managed to deal with the numbers of wounded people and medical needs," according to the group. But the facilities also face shortages of drugs, bandages and other medical items, which Doctors Without Borders said it will provide. The group plans to send an orthopedic surgeon, anesthesiologist and nurse on Monday.

The advocacy group Human Rights Watch said the situation was appreciably worse in Zawiya -- about 55 kilometers (35 miles) west of Tripoli and the epicenter of violent protests Thursday.

"West of Tripoli in Zawiya city, government security forces firing on demonstrators are causing bloodshed and chaos," said Sarah Leah Whitson, the group\'s Middle East and North Africa director.

Operations at several embassies -- including those of Great Britain and the United States -- in Tripoli have been effectively shuttered, for the safety of their personnel. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said he planned to speak with Obama in Washington on Monday.

For now, Libyans themselves are left to wait to see what happens next.

"We wait and see what tomorrow will bring," a Tripoli man said early Sunday. "We pray for a quick ending to this nightmare, with minimum bloodshed. No one is naive, however, to believe that Gadhafi is going to go easily."

CNN\'s Jack Maddox, Whitney Hurst and Nic Robertson contributed to this report.

海賊,山賊都很隨便,這種也叫民主?!民主是放縱人民亂殺別人?!真是搞不清楚民主的真義!!全世界都怕中國,就是怕那段土匪當家的日子!!如果中國要真正讓人尊重,就應該澈底放棄這段無恥的歷史,而不是一直想美化這個可恥的歷史,不要以為全世界人都是呆子!!一天到晚罵日本不認錯,看看中國一堆人也是死不認錯!!學學德國,讓歷史歸歷史,該好好檢討反醒就應檢討反醒,反而會讓人更尊重!!

ps:

所謂的民主就是能尊重別人的自由和生存的權力的自由才叫真自由!!而不是隨自己高興與否就隨意批,甚至要人性命就是自由!!好好自我反醒吧!!不要老在美化那段歷史沒有人會怪歷史的,但是會不喜歡老想把歷史歪曲的人的!!

2019-04-21 00:38聯合報 王健壯（世新大學客座教授）

蔡英文雖然每天民主不離口，但她對何謂民主其實所知有限，甚至經常在有意無意間，做出許多侵蝕民主的事情。

以黨內民主為例。她因賴清德突襲參選而耿耿於懷，雖屬人之常情，但耿耿於懷到想以團結之名搓掉賴清德，甚至講出「有民調就有競爭，有競爭就有攻擊，有攻擊就會分裂」這樣的奇言怪論，就不禁讓人懷疑：這個總統真懂什麼叫民主嗎？

依照她的三段論邏輯，國家所有類型的選舉都應停辦，初選會造成黨內分裂，大選豈不更會造成國家分裂？胡適曾說「民主政治就是幼稚園政治」，就是一人一票的選舉政治，民主如果沒有選舉，也沒有競爭，這算什麼民主？可見蔡英文連幼稚園政治也一竅不通，更讓人駭異的是：這種不民主、反民主的話，她怎麼講得出口？

她雖然口口聲聲尊重黨內初選程序，但在協調、民調與辯論的三道程序中，其實她只要協調這道程序，而協調則是要協調掉賴清德，團結也是向她團結，否則她不惜退出初選。但這樣的協調與團結，豈不是個人意志凌駕客觀法則，哪裡還有一絲一毫的民主可言？這種一個人的民主，也不禁讓人懷疑：蔡英文與威權的距離到底有多遠？

國家領導人因使命感使然，難免會自我催眠而有今日天下捨我其誰的錯覺，蔣介石當年因反共抗俄而如此，習近平現在因實踐中國夢而如此，蔡英文如今也因對抗中國而如此。但台灣已非過去台灣，台灣也非現在中國，蔡英文若因捨我其誰的使命感而捨棄民主，一個連低階的黨內民主都可以捨棄的人，要如何讓人相信她連任後不會捨棄高階的國家民主？

再以國家民主為例。民主政治的最大敵人就是政治正確，政治正確愈多的國家，就距離民主也愈遠。台灣這幾年有抗中反中、反九二共識以及反一國兩制等政治正確，凡與這些政治正確相反的主張，都是政治不正確，都會被扣帽子，甚至遭受不忠誠的指控。

但屬於言論範疇的主張有錯嗎？沒有「明顯而立即危險」的主張有罪嗎？威權統治時期的台灣，許多人因政治不正確而遭受迫害，民主轉型已卅多年的台灣，難道還會有因為主張符合當政者言論傾向而享有言論自由，因為不與當政者唱和就不受言論自由保障的差別公民待遇嗎？這種只有一半人才有言論自由的國家，離民主何其遙遠？又置大法官取消言論內亂罪的解釋、為廢止刑法一百條而奮鬥的李鎮源等人，以及為爭取百分百言論自由的鄭南榕於何地？百分之五十的人才有言論自由，這樣的自由是假自由、假民主。

國民黨政府早年以「共匪謀我日亟」之名，限縮人民的自由民主，當年的「反共高熱病」轉變為現在的「抗中高熱病」後，台灣的自由民主又一次被限縮、被侵蝕。但就像《民主國家如何死亡》這本書的作者所說「民主的侵蝕通常很緩慢」，「政府顛覆民主的招數經常看似合法」，「許多公民起初可能沒有什麼感覺」，台灣現在就處於民主在不知不覺中逐漸流失的狀態，蔡英文最近頻頻打出「統帥牌」與「危機牌」，更是民主被侵蝕的警兆。

以國家安全為名而實施的防禦民主，經常會變成侵蝕民主的藉口，但「安全，正如自由，多少罪惡假汝之名而行」，美國已故大法官傑克遜這句話，讓人不禁擔憂：台灣距離不自由民主究竟有多遠？