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Newar Buddhism: Problems and Possibilities
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by: Min Bahadur Shakya
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OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES, the
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Most of these Western Buddhists hold the view that Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism is in all respects exhaustive in character while Newari Vajrayana Buddhism is only a corrupt form of Buddhism and hence warrants no observation, investigation or research. Of course, this view is erroneous. One needs to carefully consider the situation in a logical way before making such a hasty conclusion.
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Some Problems in Newar Buddhism
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The Newari form of Buddhism may be the oldest living tradition of Buddhism in the world. Buddhism as practised by the Newari Buddhists of the
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Some observers have found it to be in a pitiful condition. Not being able to cope with the modern situation the Shakyas and Vajracharyas are taking little interest in their own traditional religion and culture. The Vajracharyas are beginning to neglect taking Acharya Diksa (master initiation) with the result that there is a conspicuous decline in the number of Buddhist priests. The patrons (Skt. Jajaman) pay too little respect to these Buddhist priests because of their ignorance of Buddhist doctrine. These Vajracharyas get little remuneration in return for their services to their patrons in life cycle rituals. Thus, they are compelled to take up various secular professions. These are the obvious reasons for the decline of the traditional Buddhism of the
¦³¨ÇÆ[¹î®a«hµo²{¨ì¥L̦³£¸Óµ~¹Ò¡C¥L̨䣳B²z³oÓ¥Á±Ú¤º¨âÓ«nªº©m¤ó¡A¤À§O¬OÄÀ{»P¥Ë¦N©Ô«ê¤O(±ë¤å·N«ä¬Oª÷輦æªÌ)©Ò«ù¦³ªº©v±Ð¤å¤Æ¨Ã¥¼²`¤J¬ã¨s¡Cµ²ªG±q´X¦ì¯à°÷«ù¦³«ù¦³ªüìG¾¤¾Ç³Bªº¤j®v¡AÄÝ©ó¥Ë¦N©Ô«ê¤O±Ú¤Hªº¼Æ¥Ø©úÅã´î¤Ö¡C´N¦]¬°¥L̳Q¦ò±Ð¾Ç¬É©Ò©¿²¤¡A¨Ï±o¦ò±Ð«H®{ªº¬I¥D¹ï©ó³o¨Ç¶Ç±ÐªºªüìG¾¤Ì«Ü¤£®¥·q¡C³o¨Ç¥Ë¦N©Ô«ê¤O±Ú̦]¬°¬O¨Ì¾a©v±Ð»ö¦¡¿à¥Hºû¥Í¡A«o¥u¯à¦¬¨ì«Ü·LÁ¡ªº¨Ñ¾i¡C¦]¦¹¥L̤£±o¤£©ñ±ó¦Û¤v¥»·~¡A§ï°µ¥@«Uªº¦æ·~¡C³o´N¬O¥[¼wº¡³£§ø¸¨Äݩ󥧥˱ڦò±Ð¶Ç©ÓÅܤ֪º¥Dnì¦]¡C§óÄY«ªº¬O¡A³y¦¨¤F¾Ö¦³²³¦h¦ò±Ð¹¬°|ªº¤Ú«¢´µ(Bahas)»P¤Ú³ß´µ(Bahis)µ¥¤TÓµÛ¦Wªº«°¥«¦]¬°¯Ê¥F¾A·íªº«O¦s¡A³y¦¨¤F¯î¼oªº±¡ªp¡C¤µ¤Ñ§ÚÌ«h¬Ý¨ì¤F¤Ú«¢´µ»P¤Ú³ß´µ³o¨âÓµ{¦¡§ó´«¤F«Ü¦h¿ûµ¬¤ôªd«Ø¿v¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¥§ªyº¸¤Þ¥H¬°¶Æªº¦ò±Ð§Û¥»¥H¹L°ªªº»ù®æ¦b¤@¯ë¥«³õ³c°â¡A¦¹¥~§Ṳ́]¬Ý¨ì¥j¦Ñªº¦ò¸g¼g¨÷»Pð¥d¥X¤f¨ì°ê¥~¦a¤è¡C¦]¬°³o¨Ç²z¥Ñ¡A¾ÇªÌ̱ÀÂ_³oÓ¦ò±Ðªº¶Ç©Ó±N·|¦b¥»¥@¬ö¥½®ø¥¢¡C
The importance of Newari Buddhism
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The importance of Newaris in South Asian Buddhist History has been discussed at great length by Lienhard in his paper "
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How Buddhism disappeared in
¨ì©³¡A¦L«×¦ò±Ð¬O«ç»ò¦b¦L«×®ø¥¢ªº¡A¤´µM¬O¤@Ó·¥¨ãª§Ä³ªº¥DÃD¡C¦Ó¥§¥Ë±Ú¤H¦b¥[¼wº¡³£¬O«ç»ò«O¦s¦L«×¦ò±Ðªºª÷輡A³o¤]¬O¤@Ó¦³½ìªº°ÝÃD¡C³o¸Ì¦³´XÓ¥DÃD¡G
-Westerners, many lay people, educated, urban, more wealthy people need/want teachings and practices that have been adapted to lay life, i.e, non-celibate people with family and jobs.
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-Newari Buddhism is unique because it has survived without a permanent, celibate Sangha.
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-It has something unique to offer lay people seeking high level practice and teachings but unwilling or unable to ordain as monks or nuns permanently.
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The
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Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Shakyamuni Buddha is a sacred place for Buddhists from all over the world.A veteran Asian traveller writes, "as millions of Christians look to
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At that time Buddhism was in its height or apex of glory. This is corroborated by the inscription of NS. 350 (1230 AD) found in Guita Vihara of Patan written on the statue of Dipamkara Buddha. It runs as follows:- Vikhyata Lalitpuriti Nagari Diskhu Sarvasvapy Vidyabhyam (Trans: Lalitpur is famous in all directions for its academic life.)
¦b¨ºÓ®É´Á¡A¦ò±Ð¬O±R°ª¦ÓºaÄ£ªº¡C®Ú¾Ú©ú½TªºÃÒ¾ÚÅã¥Ü¡A¦b©¬¤¦ªº¥j¥ì¶ð¦x¤ºµo²{¤@®y¤½¤¸1230¦~®É´Áªº¿U¿O¦ò¦ò¹³¡A¤W±¦³£¸¬q¤å¦r¼gµÛ¡u©Ô¤O´¶¾|¬O¦b¤Q¤è¸Ì± ³Ì¦³¦Wªº(¦òªk)±Ð¾Ç¤¤¤ß¡C¡v
Nepal as a treasure trove of Sanskrit Buddhist Manuscripts
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In 1824. Mr. Brian Hodgson, a British diplomat in
1824¦~¡A¤Ú§Q¦w¡EÀN®æ´Ë¥ý¥Í¡A¤@Ó^°ê¥~¥æ©x¨Ó¨ì¥§ªyº¸¡Aµo²{¤F¤j¶qªº±ë¤å¦ò¸g¼g¨÷¡C¦b¥L¥H«e¨Ã¨S¦³¤Hª¾¹D³o¨ÇªF¦è¡A¦]¦¹¤Þµo¤F¦ò±Ð¥v¤Wªº²©R©Êªº¾_¾Ù¡A¨Ã¦b¸Ó¥@¬ö«e´Á¦b¼Ú¬w¼s¬°¤Hª¾¡C³o¨Ç³Qµo²{ªº±ë¤å¼g¨÷Á`¦@¦³381®¹¡A¨Ã¬°¼Ú¬w¾ÇªÌ̦b¦ò±Ð¾Ç³N°µ¥X°^Äm¡C¸ë´¼w¥Ë±Ð±Â¦b¡m¤¤Æ[õ¾Ç¾É½×¡n¸Ì±¤¶²Ð¡G
Books on Mahayana Buddhism were completely lost in
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In similar matter, Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterji writes,
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"One great service the people of
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±Cù°g¤å¦r¬O«Ü¥j¦Ñªº¤å¦r¡C¾Ú§Ú¤F¸Ñ¡A¥§¥Ë¤H«Ü¤Ö´£¨ì³oºØ¤å¦r¡A¶¶«KÁ¿¤@¤U¡A¬Æ»ò¬O"¥§¥Ë"¡A³oÓ¦r¬ONewari¡A¾Ú¤F¸Ñ¬O¦í¦b¥§ªyº¸ªº¥ý¦í¥Á·N«ä¡C¥§¥Ë¤H¹L¥h´X¥G¥þ³¡³£«H¥õ¦ò±Ð¡A²{¦b¤w¸g¦³¦L«×±Ðªº«H®{¡C¤£¹L¥§¥Ë±Ú¸Ì±ªºÄÀ{³o¤@±Ú¬O¦ò±Ð®{¡C
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¥t¥~¡AÅ¥»¡¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð¦³»RÁШѾi¡AÃþ¦ü¦èÂê÷è»R³oºØ²ßºD¡C¦L«×»RÁСA°ò¥»¤W³£¬O¸õ¨ººØ¡]Å¥»¡¡^Siva¡AÀã±C¯«¡A¤]´N¬O¦¨¬°¦L«×±Ð·®æªº»RÁСC¦ý¥§¥Ë¦ò±Ð¦ü¥G¨S¦³³oºØ»RÁСC
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¤£¹L¡A^°ê¡A¬ü°ê»P¤é¥»¦´N¦³¾ÇªÌ¦b¥§ªyº¸ªø´Á¾nÂI¬ã¨s¡A¥Ø«e¤w¸g¥Xª©¨t¦C¬ã¨s±M®Ñ³ø¾É¡C§Úªº¦Ñ®v¡A¬üÄy±Ð±Â¡A´N¬O¦b·í¦a¦í¤F±Nªñ¤@¦~¡C¥L¬O¦b¤U½Òªº®ÉÔ¡A°¸µM§i¶D§Ú³oÓ±Úªº¦W¦r¡A¤£µM³s³oÓ¦W¦r¤]¤£¥i¯àÅ¥±o¨ìªº¡C³oÓ¥Á±Ú§Ú§ä¤F«Ü¦h¦~¡A´X¥G³{¥§ªyº¸¨Óªº¤H¤h´N¥´Å¥¡Aµ²ªG¬O¦b¦òºô°Q½×ª©¤W»{ÃѨ쪺¡C
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¦è¨Ó¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]¤º¤@¶¡¤u§@«Ç¡A´N¬O¡u±ë¤å¦ò¸g¹q¤l¤Æ«Øºô¡vpµe¡]Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Project¡^ªº¤¤¼Ï¯«¸g¡C
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2008-06-28
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¦Ü©ó¥È®N©Ò½Ķªº"ªkªù"¡A¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°«o½Ķ¦¨"¸g"¡A§Ú·Q¦pªG§A¹ï±ë¤å"¸g"¡Asutra³oÓ³æ¦rªº¤F¸Ñ¡A´N¥i¥H²z¸Ñ¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°³o¼Ë½Ķªº·Qªk¡A±ë¤åªº"¸g"©M¤¤¤åªº"¸g"·N«ä¤£¤Ó¤@¼Ë¡A±ë¤åªºsutra¤£¤@©w¬O¤@¾ã¥»¡A¨ä¹ê¬O¤@±ø¤@±øªº®æ¨¥¡C©Ò¥H¤@Ó"ªkªù"¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î"¸g"ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¸à¸Ñ¡A¬O¦³¹D²zªº¡C±ë¤å¸Ìªº"¸g"¡A¤£¨£±o«üªº¬Oþ¤@³¡¸g¡C¦Ü©óÀ±ªû¸g¸Ì±¡A±ë¥»¼gªº¬O"ªkªù"³oÓÃã·J¡C
©Ò¥H»¡¡A±ë¥»¤£¦ýÀ³¸ÓŪ¡A¬Æ¦ÜÀ³¸Ó«µø¡A¦A½Ķ¤@¦¸¡C¦ý«·s½Ķ¨Ã«D¥á±ó¹L¥hªºÄ¶¥»¡A¬Û¹ïªº¡A¬On§ó¥[ªÖ©w¯ª®vªº¦¨´N¡C¦]¬°¡A§Ú¹ê¦bÁ¿¡A¦b«·s½Ķªº¹Lµ{¸Ì±¡A§A¤~·|²`¨èÅé·|¨ì¡Aì¨Ó¯ª®vÁ¿ªº¬O³o»ò¤@¦^¨Æ±¡°Ú¡I§Ú¦b¥t¥~¤@Ó±MÃD¡G"¦ò¨å±ë¤å°¸½Í"½Í¹L¤@¨Ç³o¼Ëªº¨Ò¤l¡C
¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð¤í¦L«×¦ò±Ð¤@ӫܤjªº¤H±¡¡I¦]¬°¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð§â¤ÑªÇ¤j®v̱a¨Óªº±ë¥»´X¥G³£¥á¥ú¤F¡C¦³Ãö©ó¶°¦X¦UºØĶ¥»¨Ó¤ñ¸û¡A¤]¤£¬O§Ú²Ä¤@Ó³o»òÁ¿¡A©ú´Â¦³Ó©~¤h¡A¦W¬°¶¾¹ÚºÕ¡A´¿¸g§@¤F¤@¥»"·«¦÷¸g·|Ķ"¡A«á¨Ó¤j¼ºëªÙ¦A¦¸¥Xª©¡C³o¥»®Ñ´N¬O§â·«¦÷¸g¾ú¨Ó©Ò¦³Ä¶¥»«·s½s¿è¡A¦U¬q¨Ã¦C¡A¬Û¤¬¤ñ¹ï¡C½sªÌ¦b§Ç¤å¤¤Á¿¨ì¡A¤§©Ò¥H¦³³o¼ËªºÂI¤l¡A¬O¦]¬°ÁI®vªº«üÂI¡A¤~³o¼Ë°µ¡A§â¾ú¨Óªº¤TºØ·«¦÷¸g½Ķ¥»³£®³¥X¨Ó¤ñ¹ï¡A¦ÛµM¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¤Jªùªº³~®|¡C·í¦~¶¾¹ÚºÕ¨S¦³±ë¥»¡A¤£µM¥Lª½±µ¤]§â±ë¥»¯Ç¤J¡A¦¨¬°"·«¦÷¸g·|Ķ"ªº¤º®e¤§¤@¡C
¶¾¹ÚºÕ³oºØ"·|Ķ"ªº¦ò¨åŪªk¬O¤@Ó¤£¿ùªº¦n¤èªk¡C®L½¬©~¦³³oºØ·|¶°¥»ªºµL¶q¹Ø¸g¡A¤]³\¯uªº¬O¨ü¤F³oºØŪ¸gªkªº±Òµo¡C
¦Ü©ó¦ò¨å±ë¥»¡A§Ú·Qn³o¼Ë»¡¡A°²¦p¦sµÛ»¡¯ª®v¤w¸g½Ķ¡A«á¥@´N¤£»Ýn¦A½Ķªº·Qªk¡A¨º´N¬O®£©È¥Ã»·¤]µLªk¾Ç·|±ë¤å¤F¡C¹L¥h¶¦ð®É¥N¦³¦ì¦bĶ³õªA°Èªº¯ª®v¡AÄÀ«Û±R¡A¥L¦bĶ³õ¤º¬Ý¨£¤F±ë¥»ì¨å¡A¾Ç·|¤F½Ķ¤èªk¡A¤]ª¾¹D¤F±ëº~¤åÅé¸q²z¡A¥L´Nª½±µ¥D±i¡A§Æ±æ§Ú̾Ǧò¤Hª½±µÅª±ë¥»¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à°÷ª½±µ§l¦¬²Ä¤@¤â¸ê®Æ¡A±ë¤å¥»¨¦³ºë§®¤§³B¡A¤]¬O§l¦¬¦òªk§ó¦nªº¹D¸ô¡Cnª¾¹D¡A»y¤å´N¬O³o¼Ë¡AI«á¾®µ²¤F«Ü¦h¥»¦a¤å¤Æªº°T®§¡A¥i¬O¤@¥¹¸g¹L½Ķ¥H«á¡A¨º¨Çħtªºì²£¦a¤å¤Æ°T®§´N³q³q®ø¥¢¤F¡C
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¡i²Ä ¤G ¥y¡j¡Gekasmin samaye bhagavān śrāvastyāṁ viharati sma jetavane'nāthapiṇḍadasyārāme mahatā bhikṣusaṁghena sārdhamardhatrayodaśabhirbhikṣuśatairabhijñātābhijñātaiḥ sthavirairmahāśrāvakaiḥ sarvairarhadbhiḥ |
¡iÃã·J¬ã¨s¡j
1 एकस्मिन्, ekasmin, ¼Æµü¡þ§Î®eµü ¬Y¤@
1.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơj ekasmin¬Oekaªº¤¤©Ê³æ¼Æ©ó®æ§Î¡A¦r¨å¬deka¡C
1.1.1 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p227¡jmfn. one RV. ; alone, solitary , single , happening only once , that one only RV.; the same , one and the same , identical; one of two or many , the one - the other ; single of its kind , unique , singular , chief , pre-eminent , excellent Ragh; sincere , truthful , a , an ;before a Taddhita suffix and as first member of a compound is ¡§eka¡¨
1.2 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p428¡j
1.2.1 §Î³æ¤@ªº¡A°ß¤@ªº¡A³æ¿Wªº¡A¤@Óªº¡A¦P¤@ªº¡C[®yÄÝ®æ»P±q®æ®É]¤§¤@¡A¿W¯Sªº¡A³Ç¥Xªº¡A©Î¡A¬Y[¸g±`¬°¤£©w«aµü]¡C
1.2.2 (¸g¤å)¤@¡A¿W¡A¦P¤@¡C
2 समये , samaye , ¦Wµü. ¡]©ó¡^¡ãӮɶ¡ÂI¡A®É¾÷¡C
2.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơjsamaye¬Osamayaªº¤¤©Ê³æ¼Æ©ó®æ§Î¡A©Ò¥H¦r¨å¬dsamaya¡C
2.2 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p1164¡j
2.2.1 m. (ifc. f. ā) coming together , meeting or a place of meeting AV.; intercourse with (instr.);
2.2.2 coming to a mutual understanding , agreement , compact , covenant , treaty , contract , arrangement , engagement , stipulation , conditions of agreement , terms according to agreement , conditionally, in consequence of this agreement ; to propose an agreement , offer terms ;
2.2.3 convention , conventional rule or usage , established custom , law , rule , practice , observance MBh. BhP. ; order , direction , precept , doctrine Nir. MBh.; (in rhet.) the conventional meaning or scope of a word , Kusum. ;
2.2.4 appointed or proper time , right moment for doing anything, opportunity , occasion , time , season;
2.2.5 at the appointed time or at the right moment or in good time for, or at the time of , when there is , at that time MBh. , under these circumstances , in this case.
2.3 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p1084¡j
2.3.1 ¦W(¶§©Ê)¡]§pªû¡^¤@°_¨Óªº¡A¶°·|ªº³õ©Ò¡F¡]§pªû¡^¡]¶®»y¡^¤@P¡A¦P·N¡A¦X¬ù¡Aµô¨M¡A¬ù©w¡C¡]¶®»y¡^±ø¬ù¡A±ø¥ó¡A»P¡ã¡]¨ã®æ¡^¥æ©¹¡A¬°¤F¡ã¡]ÄÝ®æ¡^©Ò«ü©wªº©Î¾A·íªº®É¶¡¡A³õ¦X¡A®É¶¡¡A©u¸`¡F¾÷·|¡A¦n®É¾÷¡F±¡ªp©Î¨Æ±¡¡F²ßºD¡A¤@¯ëªº²ß«U¡AºD¨Ò¡A¨Ò¦æ¡A³W«h¡Fªk¥O¡A±Ð°V¡A§Ù«ß¡A±Ð¸q¡F(»y¨¥ªº)¤@¯ë·N«ä©Î¨Ï¥Î½d³ò¡C
2.3.2 (¸g¤å)®É¡AÔ¡A§T¡C
3 भगवान् , bhagavān, ¦Wµü. ¥@´L
3.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơjbhagavān¬O±qbhagavatªº¶§©Ê³æ¼Æ¥D®æ§Î¡A½Ð°Ñ·Óªþ½g²Ä¤»¸`¦Wµü²Ä49.3¡C©Ò¥H¦r¨ån¬dbhagavat¡C
3.2 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p743¡j
3.2.1 mfn. possessing fortune , fortunate , prosperous , happy RV. AV. BhP. ; glorious , illustrious , divine , adorable , venerable AV.; holy (applied to gods , demigods , and saints ae a term of address , either in voc. bhagavan , bhagavas , bhagos
3.2.2 f. bhagavatī m. pl. bhagavantaḥ ; or in nom. with 3. sg. of the verb ; with Buddhists often prefixed to the titles of their sacred writings ;
3.2.3 m. ¡§ the divine or adorable one¡¨ N. of Vishṇu-Kṛishṇa Bhag. BhP. of Śiva Kathās. ; of a Buddha or a Bodhi-sattva or a Jina Buddha.
3.3 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p251¡j
3.3.1 §Î¦n¹B®ðªº¡A©¯¹Bªº¡AÁcºaªº¡FÀ³±R«ôªº¡A¥O¤H´L·qªº¡A¦³¯«©Êªº¡]½Ñ¯«»P¥b¥PªººÙ©I¡^¡A¦³´LÄYªº¡AµÛ¦Wªº¡A¯«¸tªº¡]¸tªÌ¡^¡C
3.3.2 ¡]²Ä¤T¤HºÙ¡E¥D®æ¡E³æ¼Æ¡E¶§©Ê¡^´LªÌ¡]Viṣṇu¯«¡AKṛṣṇa¯«¤ÎŚiva¯«µ¥ªººÙ¸¹¡A¤]¬O¦òªû¡AµÐÂÄ©ÎJinaªººÙ¸¹¡^¡C
3.3.3 (¸g¤å)¥@´L¡A¦³¼w¡A¼w¦¨´N¡A¦p¨Ó¡A¦ò¥@´L¡C
4 श्रावस्त्यां , śrāvastyāṁ, ¦Wµü. ªÙ½Ã°ê¡FªÙ½Ã«°
4.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơjśrāvastyāṁ®Ú¾Ú³sµ³W«h¡A¬O±qśrāvastyāmÅܤƹL¨Ó¡A¦Óśrāvastyām«h¬O±qśrāvastī¡A¤]´N¬Ośrāvastaªº³±©Ê³æ¼Æ©ó®æ§Î¡A¦r¨ån¬dśrāvasta¡C
4.2 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p1098¡j
4.2.1 m. (prob. connected with ¡Ô1. śru) N. of a king (son of Śrāva and grandson of Yuvanāśva) Hariv. VP.
4.2.2 (ī) f. N. of a city situated north of the Ganges and founded by king Śrāvasta (it was the ancient capital of Kosala and said to have been the place where the wealthy merchant Anātha-piṇḍika built the Buddha a residence in the Jeta-vana monastery which became his favourite retreat during the rainy seasons: other authorities derive the name from a Ṛishi called Sāvattha , who is said to have resided there ; it has been identified by General Cunningham with a place now called SāhetMāhet , about 58 miles north of Ayodhyā in Oudh) MBh. Hariv. Buddh. (cf. MWB. 48 ; 407 &c.)
4.3 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p1197¡j
4.3.1 ¦W (¶§©Ê)[¬Y°ê¤ý¦W]¡AŚrāvastī«°¥«ªº³Ð³]ªÌ¡C
4.3.2 (Śrāvastī¡A³±©Ê¦Wµü)[Kosala°êªº¬Y«°¥«¤§¦W]¡F¡]¸g¤å¡^¡]µÄ¶¡^ªÙ½Ã¡A«Çùµ¡AªÙ½Ã°ê¡AªÙ½Ã¡]¤j«°¡^¡AªÙ±C´£«°¡C
5 विहरति , viharati, °Êµü. ¦b
5.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơjviharati¬O±qvi-¡Ôhṛªº²{¦b¦¡²Ä¤T¤HºÙ³æ¼Æ§Î¡C©Ò¥H§ÚÌ»Ýn¬d¾\³æ¦rvi-¡Ôhṛ¡C
5.2 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p1003¡j
5.2.1 P. -harati, to put asunder , keep apart , separate , open RV. AV. ;
5.2.2 to distribute and transpose (verses or parts of verses)
5.2.3 to disperse ; to shift , let pass from hand to hand MBh. ;
5.2.4 to divide (also arithmetically) ; to construct; to cut off , sever MBh. ; to extract from (abl.) ib. ; to carry away , remove; to tear in pieces , lacerate RV. ;
5.2.5 to move on , walk ; to spend or pass MBh. ; to roam , wander through MBh. ; (esp.) to walk or roam about for pleasure , divert one's self MBh.
5.3 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p497¡j
5.3.1 °Ê(²Ä¤@Ãþ)¡]§pªû¡^§Ë´²¡A¤Á¶}¡A¥´¶}¡A¤À§O¡A±¼´«¡A¼¹¸H¡A§Ë¶Ë¡C
5.3.2 ¡]¶®¡^·h¨«¡A°£¥h¡A¦Û¡ã¡]±q®æ¡^©Þ¥X¡F¥h°£¡F¯Ó¶O¡]¦p®É¶¡¡A¥Î¹ï®æ¡^¡C
5.3.3 ¡]»P¨ã®æ³s¥Î¡^´r§Ö«×¤é¡A¨É¨ü¡A§Ö¼Ö¦Ó¹C¿º¡A´²¨B¡]´¶³q¤§·N¡^¡F¬y²\¡C
5.3.4 (¸g¤å)¦b¡A³B¡A¦w¦í¡A¦w¥ß¡A¦æ¡C
6 स्म, sma, ½èµü. ¡]µê¦r¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò¯S§Oªº·N«ä¡^
6.1 ¡iµü§ÀÅܤơj¨S¦³µü§ÀªºÅܤơC
6.2 ¡i¼¯«Â±ë^,p1271¡j
6.2.1 smā , (or śma , śmā) ind. a particle perhaps originally equivalent to ¡§ever¡¨, "always" ; and later to"indeed", "certainly", "verily", "surely " (it is often used pleonastically , and in earlier language generally follows a similar particle [esp. ha , na] , or relative , or prep. or verb , while in later language it frequently follows iti , na; it is also joined with a pres. tense or pres. participle to give them a past sense [e.g. pravizanti sma, " they entered "] ; this use of sma is also found in the Brāhmaṇas and is extended to veda and āha) RV.
6.2.2 ¡i±ëº~Ãã¨å,p1183¡j
6.2.2.1 ½è(ªþÄݦr)ì¨Ó¥i¯à¬O¡u±q¨Ó¡BÁ`¬O¡v¤§·N¡A«á¨ÓºtÅܦ¨¡u½T¹ê¦a¡BµLºÃ¦a¡v¤§·N¡C¦b¡]¶®»y¡^¤¤±`³Q´î®zÅܦ¨³æ¯Âªºµêµü¡F¦b¡]§pªû¡^¤¤³Q¥Î©ó¨ä¥L½èµü¡A¯S§O¬Oha¡AÃö«Yµü¡A¤¶«Yµü»P°Êµü¤§«á¡F¦b¶®»y¤¤¤@¯ë³Q¥Î©ó¡]½èµü¡^iti»Pmā¤§«á¡C
6.2.2.2 ¦b¡]¶®»y¡^¤¤±N²{¦b®ÉºAÂର¹L¥h®ÉºÙ¡]¦³®É¥ç«O¯d²{¦b®ÉºÙªº·N¸q¡^¡C
¡]¤¤²¤¡^¡A¹ê¦b¬O¤Óªø¤F¡A¦³¦r¼Æ¨î¡A©Ò¥H¥u¦n¤¤¶¡¬Ù²¤¡CÁ`¤§¡A¤¤¶¡³¡¤À´N¬O¨CÓ¦r³£¬d¡A«½Æªº´N¤£¥h¬d¡C§À¤Ú´N¬O³o¼Ë¡G
¡i¤°¤½º~Ķ¡j¡G¤@®É¦ò¦bªÙ½Ã°ê¡A¬é¾ðµ¹©t¿W¶é¡C»P¤j¤ñ¥C¹¬¡A¤d¤G¦Ê¤¤Q¤HÑ¡A¬Ò¬O¤jªüùº~¡A²³©Òª¾ÃÑ¡C
¡i®N®vº~Ķ¡j¡G¤@®É¡AÁ¡¦÷±ë¦b«Çùµ¦í»}¦hªLµ¹©t¿W¶é¡A»P¤jÐl¯ì²³¤d¤G¦Ê¤¤Q¤HÑ¡A¤@¤Á¬Ò¬O´L±JÁn»D¡A²³±æ©ÒÃѤjªüùº~¡C
¡i^ Ķ ¥»¡j¡GAt once time the Blessed (Bhagavat, i.e. Buddha) dwelt at Śrāvast(«ö¡GŚrāvasti ?) in the Geta-grove, in the garden of Anāthapiṇḍaka(«ö¡GAnāthapiṇḍada), together with a large company of Bhikshus(mendicant friars), viz. with twelve hundred and fifty Bhikshus; all of them acquainted with the five kinds of knowledge, elders, great disciples, and Arhats,
¡i²{¥Nº~Ķ¡j¡G¦³¤@¦¸¦ò¥@´L¦í¦bªÙ½Ã«°ªº¡u¬é¾ðµ¹©t¿W¶é¡v¡A©M¤@Ó³W¼Ò»á¤jªº¤ñ¥C¹ÎÅé¤@°_¡C³o¬O¤@ӥѤ@¤d¨â¦Ê¤¤Q¦ì¡A¥þ³£¬OÀò±oªüùº~¦¨´N¡A»á¨ãª¾¦W«×ªº¤j¼w̲զ¨¡K¡K
§Ú§@ªº«ÂI¡A¨ä¹ê¬OÂ\¦b"±ë¤åì·N"¤W¡A¤]´N¬O±ë^Ãã¨å¤WÀY¡C±ëº~Ãã¨å¥u¬O°Ñ¦Ò¡C³o¸Ì¦³¤@Ó«Ü«nªº·§©À¡A¨º´N¬O¡A¥Ø«e¾Ç±ë¤åªº¤H¦³Ó°g«ä¡A´N¬O¥Î¤é¥»ªº¤j±ë©MÃã¨å¡A©Î¬O±ëº~Ãã¨å´N¥i¥H¤F¡C³o¸Ì§Ún¯S§O»¡©ú¡C
¤j±ë©MÃã¨å¡A©Î¬O±ëº~Ãã¨å½T¹ê¦³¤¤¤å¥i¬d¡C¥i¬O°ÝÃD¦b©ó¨S¦³Ãã·½¡A§Ú¤@ª½±j½Õ¼¯«Â±ë^Ãã¨å¡A´N¬O¦]¬°¥¦±j½ÕÃã·½¡A¤W±¼Ðµù¡A³oÓ³æ¦r¬O±qþ¥»®Ñ¥X¨Ó¡A·N«ä¬°¦ó¡C§Ú¯S§Oª`·NÄÝ©ó§pªûªº¥Îªk¡C¦]¬°±q³o¼ËªºÃö«Y¡A§A·|ª¾¹D¥ô¦ó¤@ÓÃã·J¡AI«á©Ò³sµ²ªº¦L«×¤å¤Æ¡C¤ñ¦p»¡ ¡A Bhagavat³oÓ¦r¡A§A¬d¤j±ë©MÃã¨å©Î¬O±ëº~Ãã¨å¡A´N¥uª¾¹D"¥@´L"³oÓ·N«ä¡A¥i¬O§AµLªkª¾¹D³oÓ¦r¦b§pªûªº¤å¤Æ·N¸q¬O¡Gpossessing fortune , fortunate , prosperous , happy RV. AV. BhP. ¡A¬Æ¥BÁÙ¦³¡Gglorious , illustrious , divine , adorable , venerable AV.; holy (applied to gods , demigods , and saints ae a term of address , ³o¼Ëªº¸ÑÄÀ¥u¦³¦b³o¥»³ÌÅv«Âªº¼¯¥§º¸ «Â·G¥D½sªº±ë^Ãã¨å¸Ì±¤~·|¦³¡C³oÓ³¡¤À¬°¤°»ò³o»ò«n¡H¦]¬°³o»¡©ú¤F¡A³oÓ¦rªº¾ú¥v¦©ó¦ò±Ð¡A¬O¦L«×¤H¹ï©ó©v±Ð·q«ô¡A®³¨Ó´L·q³Ì±R°ªªº¤Ñ¯«¡A¤Ñ«Ò©Ò¥Îªº·qºÙ¡C©Ò¥H¥L̥ΨӴL±R¦òªû¡A¯uªº¬O§â¦òªû¬Ý¦¨¬O³Ì°ªªº¯«¬é¡A©Î¬O³Ì°ªªº©v±Ð±R¥õªº¹ï¶H¡C
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