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Æ[¦Û¦bµÐÂÄ¡A±ë»y¬°¡uªü¿£¿cÏL«ÒÀã¥ïÅÞ¡v¡]Avalokiteśvara¡^¡CAvalokita·N¬°Æ[¡A¦Û¦b¡A±ë¤å¬°¥ìñQ¥ïù¡]iśvara¡^¡A·N¬°²³¥Í©Ò¨£¤§¥D¡A¬G¥È®NĶ¬°Æ[¦Û¦bµÐÂÄ¡A¨Ã»{¬°¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°ªºÂÂĶ¡uÆ[¥@­µµÐÂÄ¡v¬O¤£¥¿½Tªº¡C

¦ý²M²D¼áÆ[ªk®v«ü¥X¦b±ë¤å¥j¥»¤¤¦s¦b¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº¦WºÙ¡C1927¦~·sæ¥X¤gªº¥j§Û¥»¤¤¡A¥HAvalokitasvara¬°Æ[­µµÐÂĪº¦WºÙ¡AÃÒ¹ê¤F¥Lªº»¡ªk¡C®P¥ïù¡]svara¡^¡A·N«ä¬°Án­µ¡AAvalokitasvara¥i·NĶ¬°Æ[­µ¡A¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¥X¥Í¦b¦è°ì¦a°Ï¡A©Ò¨£ªºÀ³¸Ó´N¬O³o­Óª©¥»¡C¦]¦¹¡AÆ[­µµÐÂĤ]¨Ã«D¬O¦]¬°Á׿ЦӥX²{ªº¦Wµü¡C®Ú¾Ú¥ÈÀ³ªº»¡ªk¡A³o¥i¯à¬O¨Ó¦Û©ó¤£¦P¦a°Ï¤è¨¥©Ò¾É­Pªº¡C

®×¡Gsvaraªº±ë¤å·N¸q¡A½T¹ê´N¬OÁn­µªº·N«ä¡C´N±ë¤åªº³s­µ³W«h¨Ó¬Ý¡Aa+i=e¡Aªø­µ¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡AA+I=e¡A©Ò¥H·íAva¡]¦V¤U¡^ + lokita¡]Æ[¬Ý¡^ + Iśvara¡]¦Û¦b¡^= Avalokiteśvara¡AÆ[¦Û¦b¡A³o¤T­Ó¦r­ì¥ý¬O³o¼Ë½Ķ¥X¨Ó¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¬O¤W¤å©Ò»¡ªºAva¡]¦V¤U¡^ + lokita¡]Æ[¬Ý¡^ + svara¡]Án­µ¡^= Avalokitasvara¡A³o´N¬O"Æ[¥@­µ"ªº¨Ó¥Ñ¡C»¡°_¨Ó¡A¨S¦³¬Æ»ò«Ü¯S§Oªº´J·N¦b¸Ì­±¡A´N¬O¶¶µÛ±ë¤åªº»y§Ç½Ķ¥X¨Ó¡C¤£¹L"Æ[¥@­µµÐÂÄ"¡A§Ú»{¬°¬O¤ñ"Æ[¦Û¦bµÐÂÄ"ÁÙ­n¶¶¤f¤@ÂI¡A¼s±o¥Á¤ß¡C¦Ü©ó¡A§AÁ¿ªº±ë¤åªkµØ¸g´¶ªù«~¤º¡A§Ú©Ò¬Ý¨ìªº½T¹ê²{¦sªº¡A¤£½×¬O¥§ªyº¸ª©¡A¤D¦Ü¦èÂê©¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¸g¹L®Õ­qªº¤¤¨È²Ó¨Èª©¡A³£¬OAvalokiteśvara³o­Ó¦r¡A¤]´N¬O"Æ[¦Û¦b"ªº·N«ä¡C§ÚÁÙ­n¬ã¨s¤~ª¾¹D¡A¤£¹L¥Ø«e¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A«Ü¥i¯à¦³Ãö"­µÁn"ªº³¡¤À¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O"¦Û¦b"¡C¦ý¬O¡A´N±ë¤å³o­Ó"Iśvara¡]¦Û¦b¡^"³o­Ó¦r¨Ó¬Ý¡A·N«ä¬O³o¼Ëªº¡G

1.          mfn. able to do , capable of (with gen. of Vedic inf. , or with common inf.) , liable , exposed to AV. TS. S3Br. AitBr. Kum. Hit. &c. ;

2.           (as , ī) mf. master , lord , prince , king , mistress , queen AV. S3Br. Ragh. Mn. &c. ;

3.          m. a husband MBh. ;

4.          God ; the Supreme Being Mn. Śuśr. Yājñ. &c. ;

5.          the supreme soul (ātman) ;

6.          Śiva ;

7.          one of the Rudras ;

8.          the god of love ;

9.          N. of a prince ;

10.      the number `eleven' ;

11.      (ā or ī) f. N. of Durgā ;

12.      of Lakshmī ;

13.      of any other of the Śaktis or female energies of the deities ;

14.      N. of several plants L.

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³o¸Ì¦³¤@­Ó«Ü¦³½ìªº°ÝÃD¡G©À©¼Æ[­µ¤O¡A³o­Ó"©À"¬O¬Æ»ò·N«ä¡H¬O¤£¬O¤f°á¡H¬d±ë¤åªºµ²ªG¬O¡GSmarato Avalokiteśvaraṃ¡A³o¨â­Ó¦r´N¬O"©À©¼Æ[­µ¤O"ªº¹ï·Ó¡ASmarato¬O±q¡Ôsmṛ°Êµü¦r®Úªº²{¦b¤ÀµüÅܤƹL¨Ó¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¹J¨ì¤F¬YºØ±¡ªp¡A¦pÀs³½½Ñ°­Ãø¡Aª§³^¸g©x³Bµ¥µ¥¡A§A¥u­nSmarato Avalokiteśvaraṃ¡A¤]´N¬O§â"Æ[¥@­µµÐÂÄ"¡A"Æ[¦Û¦bµÐÂÄ"©ñ¦b¤ß¸Ì­±¡A¥h·Q¦o¡þ¥L¡A©À¥L¡þ¦o¡A´N·|±o¨ì¸Ñ²æ¡C

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1.          to remember , recollect , bear in mind , call to mind , think of , be mindful of  RV. &c. &c. ;

2.          to remember or think of with sorrow or regret MBh. ;

3.          to hand down memoriter , teach , declare ;

4.          to recite Hcat.

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tatkasya heto ? asasktaprabhāvitā hyāryapudgalā

³o¥y¸Ü´N¬O±z°Ýªº¨º­Ó°ÝÃD¡A§Y¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¤j®v©Ò½¬°¡G¡u©Ò¥HªÌ¦ó¡H¤@¤Á½å¸t¡A¬Ò¥HµL¬°ªk¦Ó¦³®t§O¡C¡vªº­ì¤å¡C¦ý¬O¦P¤@³¡¸g¡A¸q²b¤j®v«o½¬°¡G¡u¦ó¥H¬G¡H¥H½Ñ¸tªÌ¡A¬Ò¬OµL¬°©ÒÅã²{¬G¡C¡v¨â¥y¸Ü¬O¤£¬O¦³®t§O¡H

§Ú­Ì¨Ó¬Ý³o¥y¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¡mª÷­è¸g¡nªº¸g¤å¡A­º¥ý¡A´N¬O¡u¸t½å¡v³o¨â­Ó¦r¬O±q­þ¸ÌĶ¥X¡H´N¬O¡Gāryapudgalāḥ¡C³o­Ó¦r´N¬O"¯«¸tªº¤H"¡C³o­Ó¦r´N¬Oārya--pudgalā¡A¤]´N¬O"¯«¸tªÌ"+"²³¥Í"¡Apudgalā³o­Ó¦r´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¡u¸É¯S¦÷ù¡v¡A¤]´N¬O¡u²³¥Í¡v¡CÃöÁä´N¦bārya¡]¤]´N¬O¡u¶®§Q¦w¡v¡^³o­Ó¦r¡A½Ð¬Ý±ë¤åÃã¨åªº¸ÑÄÀ¡G

ārya

1.          m. (fr. aryā ,¡Ô) , a respectable or honourable or faithful man , an inhabitant of Āryāvarta ; ­È±o´L·q»PºaÄ£¡A«H¿àªº¤H¡A¸t°ì¡þ¸t¬Éªº©~¥Á¡]®×¡G«üªº¬O¶®§Q¦w¤Hªº"¸t°ì"¡A¦b¦L«×¤¤¥_³¡¤@±a¡A¦L«×ªeµ¥¤­ªe¬y°ì¡^

2.          one who is faithful to the religion of his country ; ´N¥Lªº°ê®a¦Ó¨¥¡A­È±o´L·qªº¤H
    

3.          N. of the race which immigrated from Central Asia into Āryāvarta (opposed to an-ārya , dasyu , dāsa) ; ¤@­Ó¹Lµ{¤§¦W¡A«ü±q¤¤¨È²Ó¨È²¾©~¤J"¸t°ì"¡]¬Û¹ï©ó«D¨È§Q¦w¤H¡A¼Ä¤H­Ì¦Ó¨¥¡^
    

4.          in later times N. of the first three castes (opposed to śūdra) RV. AV. VS. MBh. Yājñ. Pañcat. &c. ; ±ß´Á«ü«e¤T­Ó¶¥¯Å¡]ºØ©m¡^¦Ó¨¥

5.          a man highly esteemed , a respectable , honourable man Pañcat. Śak. &c. ; ¤@­Ó³Q¤Hµû»ù«Ü°ªªº¤H¡A¦³ºaÅA¡A¨ü´L·q

6.          a master , an owner L. ; ¤j®v¡A¥D¤H
    

7.          a friend L. ; ªB¤Í
    

8.          a Vaiśya L. ; §pªÙ¶¥¯Å¡A¤]´N¬O²Ä¤T¶¥¯Å¡þºØ©mªº¤H
    

9.          Buddha ; (with Buddhists [Pāli ayyo , or ariyo]) a man who has thought on the four chief truths of Buddhism (see next col.) and lives accordingly , a Buddhist priest ; a son of Manu Sāvara Hariv. ; «ü¦òªû¡A»PÄÝ©ó¦ò±Ð¥|²³§Ì¤l·í¤¤ªº¤H¡A¹¬¹Î¤ºªºªk®v¡C¤]«üµU¯«ªº¨à¤l¡C

10.      (mf(ā and ārī)n.) Āryan , favourable to the Āryan people RV. &c. ; »{¦P¶®§Q¦w¤Hªº¤H
    

11.      behaving like an Āryan , worthy of one , honourable , respectable , noble R. Mn. Śak. &c. ; ¦æ¬°Á|¤î¹³¶®§Q¦w¤H¡A­È±o´L·q¡AºÙÆg¡A°ª¶Qªº¤H¡C
   

12.      of a good family ; excellent ; wise ; suitable ; ¥X¨­¦n®a¥@¡AÀu¨q¡AÁo©ú¡AÁ|¤î±o©yªº¤H
    

13.      (ā) f. a name of Pārvatī Hariv. ; ¤@­Ó¤H¦W
    

14.      a kind of metre of two lines (each line consisting of seven and a half feet ; each foot containing four instants , except the sixth of the second line , which contains only one , and is therefore a single short syllable ; hence there are thirty instants in the first line and twenty-seven in the second) ; ¤@ºØ¸Öºqªº®æ«ß¦WºÙ
    

15.      [cf. Old Germ. êra; Mod. Germ. Ehre ; Irish Erin.]»P¥j¥N¼w¤åªºêra¡A¼w¤åªºEhre¡A»P·Rº¸Äõ¤åªºErin¬Û¤ñ¸û¡C
   

©Ò¥Hārya--pudgalā¥i¥H¬Oªx«ü¤@¤Á¡u¥i¾a¡A¥i«Hªº¯«¸tªÌ²³¥Í­Ì¡v¡C´N¤¤°ê¨ÓÁ¿¡A¤Õ©s¡A¦Ñ²øºâ¬O­È±o´L·qªº¤H¡A¥i»¡¬O¤¤°êªºārya¡C´N±ë¤å¦r­±¨Ó»¡¡]¨ú¤W¤å²Ä¤T­Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡^¡A¬O¥i¥H³o¼Ë¸ÑÄÀ¡C¦ò±Ð«h¥t¦³©Ò«ü¡AµL¶·ÂØ­z¡C

¦A¨Ó´N¬O¨º­Ó¡uµL¬°¡v¨º¨â­Ó¦r¡A´N¬O±qasaskta³o­Ó¦r½Ķ¥X¨Ó¡Csaskta³o­Ó¦r¡A´N¬O"±ë¤å"ªº·N«ä¡A²{¦bºÙ¬°Sanskrit¡C¦ý¥¦ÁÙ¦³¥t¥~¤@­Ó·N«ä¡A´N¬O¡u¤w¸g§¹¦¨ªº¡v¡A©Î¬O¡u§¹¬üªº¡v·N«ä¡C«e­±¥[¤F¤@­Óa¡A·N«ä´N¬O¡u§_©wªº¡v¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡Aasaskta·N«ä´N¬O«ü¡u¤£§¹¬üªº¡v¡A©Î¬O¡u©|¥¼§¹¦¨ªº¡v¡A©Î¬O¡u²Ê³¥ªº¡v¡C¦ý¬O¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°Â½Ä¶¦¨¡uµL¬°¡v¡A¬O¦]¬°¥L§â³o­Ó¦ra--saṁskṛta¡A¬Ý°µ¬O¡Ga¡]½§@¡uµL¡v¡^--saṁ---¡Ôkṛ¡]½§@¡u¬°¡v¡^ªº³Q°Ê¤Àµü¡A§@§Î®eµü¡C´NÅܦ¨¤F¡uµL¡v¡Ð¡u¬°¡v¡A´N¬O±q¦r­±ªº¦¸§Ç½¨Óªº¡C

prabhāvitā¡A¬OPra-¡Ôbhūªº¥¼¨Ó³Q°Ê§¹¦¨¦¡¡A·N«ä¬O¡u¦¨¬°¡v¡A¡u¤W¤É¬°¡v¡C

hi¡A´N¬O¡u¦]¬°¡v¡F¡u½T©w¦a¡v¡C

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asaskta--prabhāvitā hi--ārya--pudgalā

©|¥¼§¹¦¨ªº(adj.)¡Ð¤W¤É¦¨¬°(v)¡Ð½T©w¦a(adv.)¡Ð¸t¤H(n)¡Ð²³­Ì(n)

·N«ä´N¬O¡G¡u¸t¤H¤§«e½T©w³£¬O¤Z¤Ò¡v¡A©Î¬O¡u¤Z¤Ò½T©w¥i°µ¸t¤H¡v¡C·N«ä±µªñ¤¤°ê¿Î»y¡G¡u±N¬Û¥»µLºØ¡A¨k¨à·í¦Û±j¡v³o¥y¸Ü¡C

¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A¦n¹³©M¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°ªºÂ½Ä¶¦³®t§O¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¨Ã¨S¦³Â½¿ù¡A½Ð«ä¯Á¡G¡u¤@¤Á½å¸t¡A¬Ò¥HµL¬°ªk¦Ó¦³®t§O¡v·Q·Q¬Ý¡A³o¥y½Ķ©M±ë¤å¥»¸qªº¦³¦óÃö³s¡H

¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦P¸g¡AÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L´X¦ì¯ª®v½Ķ¡G

¶¦´ÂªºÓD¦h¤TÂýĶ¬°¡G¡u©¼¦ó¦]¡HµL¬°ªkÅã©ú¸t¤H¡C¡v

¥È®N¤j®v½Ķ¡G¡u¦ó¥H¬G¡H¥H½Ñ½å¸t¸É¯S¦÷ù¬Ò¬OµL¬°¤§©ÒÅã¬G¡C¡v

¸q²b¤j®v¦p¦¹Â½Ä¶¡G¡u¥H½Ñ¸tªÌ¡A¬Ò¬OµL¬°©ÒÅã²{¬G¡C¡v

¤W­±³o¤T¦ì¤j®v³£§âasaṁskṛta³£³Q½Ķ¦¨¡uµL¬°¡v¡C¦Ó¥B¥y¤¤§â¡uµL¬°¡v³o¨â­Ó¦rµ¹¥YÅã¤F¡A©Ò¥H«á¤H°Ñ¦Ò¤F¥L­Ì³o¼Ë½Ķ¡A´N§â¯ë­Y­õ¾Ç»P¹D®a­õ¾Ç³sµ²¤W¤F¡C¨ä¹ê¡A¥B¤£½×¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¤j®v¡A¶¦´ÂªºÓD¦h¤TÂû{¦P¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°¡A«á­±´X¦ì¤¤°êÄyªº¯ª®v¤]¬O¡A¤]³£ªu¥Î¤F¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°ªº¡A³q³q³£Â½Ä¶¦¨¡uµL¬°¡v¡C³o­Ó¦r¨ì©³¬O¤£¬O¯uªº©M¡u¹D®a¡v¦³Ãö¡H¦b±ë¤åªº¥»¸q¡AÁÙ¬O»¡©ú¤@¤U¡G

asaṁskṛta

1.          mfn. not prepared ŚāṇkhGṛ. ; ©|¥¼·Ç³Æ¦nªº
    

2.          not consecrated Mn. Yājñ. ; ©|¥¼©^Ämªº¡A©|¥¼±Â¤©ªº
    

3.          unadorned Pañcat. ; ¦ÛµMªº¡A­ì¨Óªº
    

4.          unpolished , rude (as speech).¨S¦³¿i¥úªº¡A¨S¦³À¿«Gªº
    

©Ò¥H±q¤W­±ªº·N«ä¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o­Ó¦r³Ì¦­ªº·N«ä¡A´N¬O¤W­±»¡ªº³o¼Ë¡C¦Ó¥B¯S§O­n»¡©ú¡A¤f»y¤W¡]¤WÀY¦³­Óas speech¡^¡A³o­Ó¦r¬O"¨S¦³¿i¥úªº¡þ¨S¦³À¿«Gªº"¡A¤]´N¬O¡u¤ÑµMªº¡þ¦ÛµMªº¡v¡C«e½ú­Ì½Ķ¦¨¡uµL¬°¡v¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¹ïÀ³¤F³o­Ó·N«ä¡C©Ò¥H¡A·N«ä´N«Ü©úÅã¡A­è¦n©M¹D®aªºµü·J¥©¦X¡A¦ý¤£¤@©w¬O¦³¹D®a­õ¾Çªº¤º²[¡C

¦^¨ì¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°ªºÂ½Ä¶¡G¡u¤@¤Á½å¸t¡A¬Ò¥HµL¬°ªk¦Ó¦³®t§O¡C¡v¹ï·Ó±ë¥»¡Aª¾¹D¦r­±·N«ä´N¬O¡G¡u©Ò¦³ªº¸t½å¡A­ì¥ý³£¬O¤£§¹¬üªº¡A´N¦¹¦Ó¨¥¬O¦³¤À§Oªº¡C¡v·N«ä´N¬O¡A©Ò¦³ªº¤Z¤Ò¥»´N·~¤O¦Ó¨¥³£¦U¦³¤À§O¡A¦ý¬O¨ì¤F¦òªº¹Ò¬É¥H«á¡A´N²@µL¤À§O¡C´N¬O¤¤°ê«U»y»¡ªº¡G¡u±N¬Û¥»µLºØ¡A¨k¨à·í¦Û±j¡C¡v³o¼Ë§Ú­Ì¤~¤F¸Ñ¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°©Ò½ªº¡A­ì¨Ó´N¬O³o­Ó·N«ä¡Cª÷­è¸g¦¹»y¬O¤@¥y«jÀy¤H­×¦æªº¸Ü¡C

©Ò¥H¡A¦³¨Ç¤¤¤å¦ò¾Ç¦Wµü¡AĶ®a¥u¬O·Ó±ë¥»ªº¦r­±Â½Ä¶¡A«á¨Óªº¤H¬Ý¨ì­è¦n¹ïÀ³¤W¡u¦Ñ²ø­õ¾Ç¡v¡A´N§è¤W¤F¡u¹D¡v¡A§è¤W¤F¡u²MÀRµL¬°¡v¡A´N¦ÛµM·|Ãk¨ì¹D®a¤WÀY¤F¡C·íµM´N·|­l¥Í¥X¤@¨Ç¡A¦p¡u¦òªû¬O¦Ñ¤lªºÄ~©Ó¤H¡vªº©_©Ç¶Ç»¡¡A»¡¬Æ»ò¦Ñ¤l¥Í«e¹L¤F¨ç¨¦Ãö¦è¦æ¡A«×¤Æ¦òªû¦¨¥Pµ¥µ¥³oÃþ¯î½Ï¤£¸gªº¸Ü»y¡C¨ä¹ê³o¬O¸g¤å¤Wªº»~¸Ñ¡A¥¼¥²¬O¯ª®v½Ķ¦³¿ù¡A®£©È¬O«á¨Ó¸ÑÄÀªÌ·d¿ùªº½t¬G¡C

§Ú­Ì¬ã¨s¦ò¨å¡A³Ì¦nÁÙ¬O­n°Ñ·Ó±ë¥»¡A¡uµL¬°¡v³o¨â­Ó¦r¬O­Ó¥©¦X¡A·Ó±ë¤å¦r­±¨Ó¬Ý¡A©M¦Ñ²ø¤Õ©sÃö«Y³£¤£¤j¡C¦òªû®£©È³s¦Ñ²ø¤Õ©s³£¤£»{ÃÑ¡A©Ò¥H¦òªû®É¥N¬O¤£¤Ó¥i¯à¤Þ¥Î¨ì¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç¡A§ó¤£·|¦­¦b¦L«×´N§å§P¤F¤¤°ê«ä·Q¬Éªº¸t¤H¡C

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tathatā, f., and tathatva, nt., once TathatvatA(= Pali tathatā, tathatta; note that Pali has actually an adj. and subst.  tatha = sacca, Skt. satya, true, truth; it has not been noted in BHS; it was prob. a Pali backformation from these nouns, and / or from such Bhvr. cpds. as vi-tatha; BHS also has the more Sktized tathātā, -tva, qq.v., but they are rare), true, essence, actuality, truth:......

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¦³Ãö©ó¥_­Ñ¿c¬w¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O±q±ë¤åªºUttara¡]¥_¤è¡^¡Ðkuru¡]­µÄ¶¡G­Ñ¿c¡^¨â­Ó¦rÁp¦X°_¨Ó¡C¦b¥j¥N¦L«×½T¹ê¦³³o»ò­Ó°ê®a¡A´N¦b¦L«×¥_¤è¡C¦pªG­n¬Ý¤ñ¸û¸Ô²Óªº¸ê®Æ¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¡Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Ancient_India¡C³o­Ó°ê®a¦ì¸m¡A¾aªñ³ß°¨©Ô¶®¤s¡A¤]¥i¥HºÙ¬°"¥_³ß°¨©Ô¶®°ê"¡A¤j¬ù¦s¦b©ó¥j¥N§pªû¤å©úªº®É¥N¡]Vedic Age¡A®É¥N«D±`¦­¡A¤j¬ù¦b¤½¤¸«e¤»¥@¬ö¥H«e³£ºâ¡^¡C³o­Ó°ê®a¥i¨£©ó¥j¥N¦L«×¥v¸Ö¡A"¼¯¶F±Cù¦h"ªº¶Ç»¡¡A¸Ó®Ñ¹ï©ó³o­Ó°ê®a±¡ªp¦³¤ñ¸û¸Ô²Óªº±Ô­z¡C¥i¨£ºô¯¸¡Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Kuru_Kingdom#References_of_Uttara_Kurus_in_Mahabharata¡C

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In earlier times, the people of the east, Magadha and Videha, were in contact with Yunan, as the traditions of Purvavideha show. The two names, Purvavideha and Gandhara, seem to represent these two successive eastern and western streams of Indian colonial and cultural expansion in this region. 

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The Mahabharata refers to China several times, including a reference to presents brought by the Chinese at the Rajasuya Yajna of the Pandavas; also, the Arthasastra and the Manusmriti mention China. According to French art historian, Rene Grousset, the name China comes from "an ancient" Sanskrit name for the regions to the east, and not, as often supposed, from the name of the state of Ch'in," the first dynasty established by Shih Huang Ti in 221 B.C. The Sanskrit name Cina for China could have been derived from the small state of that name in Chan-si in the northwest of China, which flourished in the fourth century B.C. Scholars have pointed out that the Chinese word for lion, shih, used long before the Chin dynasty, was derived from the Sanskrit word, simha, and that the Greek word for China, Tzinista, used by some later writers, appears to be derivative of the Sanskrit Chinasthana. According to Terence Duke, martial arts went from India to China. Fighting without weapons was a specialty of the ancient Kshatriya warriors of India. Both Arnold Toynbee and Sir L. Wooley speak of a ready made culture coming to China. That was the Vedic culture of India. 

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